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Life Karl von Frisch was the son of the surgeon and urologist Anton Ritter von Frisch (1949-1917) and his wife Marie, ne Exner. He was the youngest of four sons, all of whom became university professors. He studied in Vienna under Hans Leo Przibram and in Munich under Richard von Hertwig, initially in the field of medicine but later turning to the natural sciences. He received his doctorate in 1910 and in the same year started work as an assistant in the zoology department of Munich University. In 1912 he became a lecturer in zoology and comparative anatomy there; and in 1919 was promoted to a professorship. In 1921 he went to Rostock University as a professor of zoology and director of an institute. In 1923 he accepted the offer of a chair at Breslau University, returning in 1925 to Munich University, where he became the head of the institute of zoology. After that institute was destroyed in World War II, he went to the University of Graz in 1946, remaining there until 1950 when he returned to the Munich institute after it was reopened. He retired in 1958 but continued his research. Karl von Frisch married Margarete, ne Mohr. Their son, Otto von Frisch, was director of the Braunschweig natural history museum between 1977 and 1995. Research Karl von Frisch studied the European honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica) Carnica bee on a goldenrod flower head Bee Perception Sense of smell: Frisch discovered that bees can distinguish various blossoming plants by their scent, and that each bee is lower constant. Surprisingly, their sensitivity to a weet taste is only slightly stronger than in humans. He thought it possible that a bee spatial sense of smell arises from the firm coupling of its olfactory sense with its tactile sense. Optical perception: The power of resolution of a bee compound eyes is much poorer than in the case of human eyes. But its compound eye is especially well suited to detect motion because of its high temporal resolution. A bee color perception is comparable to that of humans, but with a shift away from the red toward the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. For that reason bees cannot distinguish red from black (colorless), but they can distinguish the colors white, yellow, blue and violet. Color pigments which reflect UV radiation expand the spectrum of colors which can be differentiated. For example, several blossoms which may appear to humans to be of the same yellow color will appear to bees as having different colors (multicolored patterns) because of their different proportions of ultraviolet. Powers of orientation: Frisch investigation of a bee powers of orientation were significant. He discovered that bees can recognize the desired compass direction in three different ways: by the sun, by the polarization pattern of the blue sky, and by the earth magnetic field, whereby the sun is used as the main compass, with the alternatives reserved for the conditions arising under cloudy skies or within a dark beehive. Polarization pattern: Light scattered in a blue sky forms a characteristic pattern of partially polarized light which is dependent on the position of the sun and invisible to human eyes. With a UV receptor in each of the lens units of a compound eye, and a UV filter oriented differently in each of these units, a bee is able to detect this polarization pattern. A small piece of blue sky is enough for a bee to recognize the pattern changes occurring over the course of a day. This provides not only directional but also temporal information. Variations in the daytime position of the sun: Karl von Frisch proved that variations in the position of the sun over the course of a day provided bees with an orientation tool. They use this capability to obtain information about the progression of the day deep inside a dark beehive comparable to what is know from the position of the sun. This makes it possible for the bees to convey always up-to-date directional information during their waggle dance, without having to make a comparison with the sun during long dance phases. This provides them not only with alternative directional information, but also with additional temporal information. Internal clock: Bees have an internal clock with three different synchronization or timekeeping mechanisms. If a bee knows the direction to a feeding place found during a morning excursion, it can also find the same location, as well as the precise time at which this source provides food, in the afternoon, based on the position of the sun. Horizontal orientation of the honeycomb: Based on the magnetic field, the alignment of the plane of a honeycomb under construction (e.g., the new honeycomb of a swarm) will be the same as that of the home hive of the swarm, according to Karl von Frisch. By experiment, even deformed combs bent into a circle can be produced. Sensing the vertical: The vertical alignment of the honeycomb is attributed by Karl von Frisch to the ability of bees to identify what is vertical with the help of their head used as a pendulum together with a ring of sensory cells in the neck. Dances as language Knowledge about feeding places can be relayed from bee to bee. The means of communication is a special dance of which there are two forms: Round dance The ound dance provides the information that there is a feeding place in the vicinity of the beehive at a distance between 50 and 100 meters, without the particular direction being given. By means of close contact among the bees it also supplies information about the type of food (blossom scent). The foraging bee…begins to perform a kind of ound dance. On the part of the comb where she is sitting she starts whirling around in a narrow circle, constantly changing her direction, turning now right, now left, dancing clockwise and anti-clockwise, in quick succession, describing between one and two circles in each direction. This dance is performed among the thickest bustle of the hive. What makes it so particularly striking and attractive is the way it infects the surrounding bees; those sitting next to the dancer start tripping after her, always trying to keep their outstretched feelers on close contact with the tip of her abdomen….They take part in each of her manoeuvrings so that the dancer herself, in her mad wheeling movements, appears to carry behind her a perpetual comet tail of bees. Waggle dance The waggle dance Interpretation of the waggle dance The aggle dance is used to relay information about more distant food sources. In order to do this, the dancing bee moves forward a certain distance on the vertically hanging honeycomb in the hive, then traces a half circle to return to its starting point, whereupon the dance begins again. On the straight stretch, the bee aggles with his posterior. The direction of the straight stretch contains the information about the direction of the food source, the angle between the straight stretch and the vertical being precisely the angle which the direction of flight has to the position of the sun. The distance to the food source is relayed by the speed of the dance, in other words, by the number of times the straight stretch is traversed per unit of time. The other bees take in the information by keeping in close contact with the dancing bee and reconstructing its movements. They also receive information via their sense of smell about what is to be found at the food source (type of food, pollen, propolis, water) as well as its specific characteristics. The orientation functions so well that the bees can find a food source with the help of the waggle dance even if there are hindrances they must detour around like an intervening mountain. As to a sense of hearing, Karl von Frisch could not identify this perceptive faculty, but it was assumed that vibrations could be sensed and used for communication during the waggle dance. Conformation was later provided by Dr. Jrgen Tautz, a bee researcher at Wrzburg University Biocenter. “Dialects” The linguistic findings described above were based on Karl von Frisch work primarily with the Carnica variety of bees. Investigations with other varieties led to the discovery that language elements were variety-specific, so that how distance and direction information is relayed varies greatly. Other work Frisch’s honey bee work included the study of the pheromones that are emitted by the Queen bee and her daughters, which maintain the hive’s very complex social order. Outside the hive, the pheromones cause the male bees, or drones, to become attracted to a queen and mate with it. Inside the hive, the drones are not affected by the odor. Honors In 1962 Karl von Frisch received the Balzan Prize for Biology “For having consecrated his entire life to experimenting on thousands of bees, thus discovering a true language of gestures for communication and opening new insights into the knowledge of insect behaviour” (motivation of the Balzan General Prize Committee). In 1973 Karl von Frisch received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine together with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen for his achievements in comparative behavioral physiology and pioneering work in communication between insects. In his honor the Karl Ritter von Frisch Medal of the German Zoological Society (Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, DZG), is awarded every two years to scientists whose work is distinguished by extraordinary zoological achievements which represent an integration of insights from several different biological disciplines. It is Germany most important science prize in zoology and includes prize money of 10,000 euro. Publications In German Der Farben- und Formensinn der Bienen. In: Zoologische Jahrbcher (Physiologie) 35, 1188, (191415) ber den Geruchssinn der Bienen und seine bltenbiologische Bedeutung. In: Zoologische Jahrbcher (Physiologie) 37, 1238 (1919) ber die iersprache|Sprache der Bienen. Eine tierpsychologische Untersuchung. In: Zoologische Jahrbcher (Physiologie) 40, 1186 (1923) Aus dem Leben der Bienen. Springer Verlag Berlin (1927) Untersuchung ber den Sitz des Gehrsinnes bei der Elritze. In: Zeitschrift fr vergleichende Physiologie 17, 686801 (1932), it R. Stetter ber den Geschmacksinn der Bienen. In: Zeitschrift fr vergleichende Physiologie 21, 1156 (1934) Du und das Leben Eine moderne Biologie fr Jedermann. (1936) ber einen Schreckstoff der Fischhaut und seine biologische Bedeutung. In: Zeitschrift fr vergleichende Physiologie 29, 46145 (1941) Die Tnze der Bienen. In: sterreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift 1, 148 (1946) Die Polarisation des Himmelslichtes als orientierender Faktor bei den Tnzen der Bienen. In: Experientia (Basel) 5, 142148 (1949) Die Sonne als Kompa im Leben der Bienen. In: Experientia (Basel) 6, 210221 (1950) Das kleine Insektenbuch. Insel Verlag (1961) Tanzsprache und Orientierung der Bienen. Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York (1965) Aus dem Leben der Bienen. Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York (9. Auflage 1977), ISBN 3-540-08212-3 Erinnerungen eines Biologen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Gttingen/Heidelberg 1957 (Autobiographie) Die Tanzsprache der Bienen. Originaltonaufnahmen 19531962, hrsg. v. Klaus Sander. 2-CD-Set. suppos, Kln 2005. ISBN 978-3-932513-56-5 ” Tiere als Baumeister. Frankfurt a.M., Ullstein, 1974. 309 Seiten. 105 Zeichnungen & 114 Photographien. ISBN 3-550-07028-4 In English The dancing bees – an account of the life and senses of the honey bee, Harvest Books New York (1953), a translation of Aus dem Leben der Bienen, 5th revised edition, Springer Verlag Animal Architecture (Originally published as Tiere Als Baumeister.) New York, Helen and Kurt Wolff. (ISBN 0-15-107251-5) (1974 1st edition) See also List of Austrian scientists List of Austrians Apiology See also: Frisch References ^ Karl von Frisch, The Dancing Bees, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 1953, pp. 45-51. ^ von Frisch, op.cit., pp. 93-96. ^ von Frisch, op.cit., pp. 137-147. ^ von Frisch, op.cit., p. 102ff. ^ Rohrseitz, K. & J. Tautz: Honey bee dance communication: waggle run direction coded in antennal contacts? J comp Physiol A 184, 463-470, 1999. External links Karl Von Frisch, The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees, (1967) Harvard University Press Dance and communication of honey bees The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance, Nature 435, May 2005, pp. 205207. Karl von Frisch, Decoding the Language of the Bee, Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1973 Biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Autobiography Notes Regarding personal names: Ritter is a title, translated approximately as Knight, not a first or middle name. There is no equivalent female form. v d e Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Max Theiler (1951) Selman Waksman (1952) Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann (1953) John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins (1954) Hugo Theorell (1955) Andr Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards (1956) Daniel Bovet (1957) George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg (1958) Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg (1959) Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar (1960) Georg von Bksy (1961) Francis Crick / James D. Watson / Maurice Wilkins (1962) John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley (1963) Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen (1964) Franois Jacob / Andr Lwoff / Jacques Monod (1965) Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins (1966) Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald (1967) Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg (1968) Max Delbrck / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria (1969) Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod (1970) Earl Sutherland, Jr. (1971) Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter (1972) Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973) Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade (1974) David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin (1975) Complete roster 19011925 19261950 19511975 19762000 2001resent v d e Neuroethology Concepts Feedforward Coincidence detector Umwelt Instinct Feature detection Central p
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ANATOMY OF A BEE HIVE
